Electrical Adda

“Supercapacitor” The Future High Density Energy Storage Device. SUPERCAPACITOR USED IN UPS    Supercapacitors form a new class of electrochemical energy storage device which  play an important role in providing very high electric power boost demanded by critical loads applications.  The  main Advantage of “Supercapacitor” is that it can be charged within  seconds rather than hours. discharged as very high pulse current over million recharge cycles.  Supercapacitor suitable for facilities prone to small or very short Power  Interruptions . Supercapacitor   ADVANTAGES :   1. Supercapacitor is environment friendly, maintenance free. 2. Efficiency level 98%, can operate at wide temperature range of - 40°C to + 70°C,  3. It covers life span of 15 years without any quick ageing. 4. Ultra Fast Charging . 5. No Maintenance risks . 6. No Fire Risks . 7. Ultra High Power Density . 8. Small carbon Footprint . 9. Supercapaci...

Super premium Efficiency (IE4) motors  IE4 MOTOR The higher price of the IE4 motors is due to :  1. the use of high-quality materials and optimization of assembly and design of these motors to achieve higher efficiencies upto 97% . 2.  Large-diameter copper wires and more quantity of aluminum are used in rotors of these motors to reduce the resistance losses.  3. An optimized cooling fan is also used to reduce the winding losses. 4. use of advanced technologies like diecast copper rotors enables achieving higher efficiencies in the same frame size. The use of the high-quality, expensive materials increases the overall cost of this type of motors. adoption of energy efficient technologies to reduce their energy consumption and carbon emission. 5. Stator and Rotor I2R losses: Stator and Rotor I²R losses appear when heat is generated by resistance from current flowing in the stator windings, rotor conductor bars. These are major losses, typically account for...

ISOLATION TRANSFORMER  :  Outputs will be isolated from inputs. Since the output connection is totally isolated from input connection any fault like short circuit in primary winding are not reflected on secondary side . Any faults, harmonics or Electrical disturbances or surges in primary side of transformer  are not transferred to secondary side due to Galvonic isolation on primary side .  Interference can be restrained with it.  The neutral-ground voltage will be reduced.  Faults can be isolated.  Low-frequency 3n-order harmonics will  be restrained . Isolation transformers  are the only way of eliminating general mode noise.  They also provide better safety to any equipment by Galvanic isolation .  They separate the device from the main power supply upon any electric shocks. So, they ensure that the concerned electric and electronic appliances are safe and secured for a longer time.  Isolation transformers are used to ...

POOR POWER QUALITY INCREASING THE RISK OF ELECTRICAL FIRE Before we analyse the factors, it is important to understand that the electrical fires are, in most cases, a direct result of overheating in the electrical networks. This article therefore limits the discussion to the factors that predominantly are created by Poor Power Quality and lead to excessive or prolonged heating of the cables, equipment or components, thereby substantially increasing the risks of electrical fires in the electrical network. 1) Harmonics : How computers and other non-linear loads lead to heating of electrical network Harmonics are nothing but the higher frequency currents which can generate heat in the electrical system. The non-linear loads such as computers, lamp ballasts, switch-mode power supplies, office equipment and transformers on low loads produce third order harmonic currents, named Triplen , which are in the phase of all the supply phases. The third harmonic adds in the neutral in a 3-phase s...

  Harmonics Analysis  1. Harmonics are the by-products of modern day power-electronics. 2. They are created by non-linear loads that draw current in abrupt pulses and generate bad current. 3. Non linear loads causes Harmonics, Non linear loads Inject harmonic current into AC mains . EQUIPMENTS THAT GENERATE HARMONICS:  1. Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) - Motors 2. Welding Machines 3. Equipment with Adjustable Speed Drives 4. Conveyor Systems 5. Equipment using SMPS 6. Battery chargers 7. UPS, Personal Computer 8. Laptops , Televisions. 9. Medical Equipments 10. Servers, storage devices 11. SMPS 12. Xerox machines, faxing machine 13. Computers , laser printers. 14. Led lighting's , CFL lamps , Electronic dimmers . 15. Motors 16. Power Transformers, Generators. 17. Arc welders , induction welders 18. Rectifiers, Inverters . 19. Induction heating . 20. Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) . 21. Air conditioning, HVAC systems . 22. Fluorescent ...

Classification of Protective Relays : Based on Technology : Relay Classification Relays are broadly classified into 4 types based on technology used in manufacturing and based upon mode of operation , Sensing the fault  and giving Trip indication to circuit breakers . These Protective Relays are used in HT & LT Applications ,  HT applications in 33 KV side and in LV side 440 Volts . ELECTRO-MAGNETIC RELAY  :  Works on principle of  Electro - Magnetic Attraction . Based on amount of current flowing in the coil , Electromagnetic force is developed that will be exerted on moving armature. There  are 2 types of Electromagnetic Relays Presently used in Industrial & Commercial  applications . Induction Disc Type Relay  . Plunger Type Relay . 1.1 Induction Disc Type Relay : Induction Disc type Relay Relay consists of 2 Electromagnets , Disc , Moving contact and fixed contact , plug setting multiplier . 2 Windings are connected to 2 electroma...

1. Distribution Transformer  Standard Ratings : Distribution Transformer 25  Kva       63 Kva 100 Kva 200 Kva 315 Kva 500 Kva 750 Kva 1000 Kva 1250 Kva 1500 Kva 2000 Kva 2500 Kva 3000 Kva 3500 Kva 2. Transformer Manufacturers : Kirloskar Electric  Vijai Electricals Volt Amp Crompton Greaves ABB Siemens Pete  3. Transformer Protection :  Overload , Overcurrent , Short- circuit .   Earth Fault .  Differential Protection .  Restricted Earth Fault .  Gas Detection .  Over voltage , Under Frequency .  Pressure Relief Device . 4. Transformer Core  : CRGO  Material  Amorphous Material  Mostly  Amorphous core Material is used in T/F  because  Reduces Core Losses , Magnetization losses  Total No load losses reduced By by 3% of full load losses. transformer Noise & Vibration reduced . 5. Transformer Oil  : Mineral oil which is free from fatty acids are used in transfor...